![]() Although mechanical forces arising from cell–substrate interactions and the surrounding fluid have been shown to regulate cell migration behaviour 6, 7, 8, the effect of physiologically relevant extracellular viscosities on cell function remains unclear. Cumulatively, extracellular viscosity is a physical cue that regulates both short- and long-term cellular processes with pathophysiological relevance to cancer biology.Ĭell migration is essential for a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as development, tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance and cancer metastasis. Breast cancer cells pre-exposed to elevated viscosity acquire TRPV4-dependent mechanical memory through transcriptional control of the Hippo pathway, leading to increased migration in zebrafish, extravasation in chick embryos and lung colonization in mice. The coordinated action of actin remodelling/dynamics, NHE1-mediated swelling and RHOA-based contractility facilitates enhanced motility at elevated viscosities. NHE1 promotes cell swelling and increased membrane tension, which, in turn, activates transient receptor potential cation vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) and mediates calcium influx, leading to increased RHOA-dependent cell contractility. Increased mechanical loading imposed by elevated viscosity induces an actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3)-complex-dependent dense actin network, which enhances Na +/H + exchanger 1 (NHE1) polarization through its actin-binding partner ezrin. Here we demonstrate that elevated viscosity counterintuitively increases the motility of various cell types on two-dimensional surfaces and in confinement, and increases cell dissemination from three-dimensional tumour spheroids. However, its influence on cancer biology and the mechanism by which cells sense and respond to changes in viscosity are unknown. Extracellular fluid viscosity is a key physical cue that varies under physiological and pathological conditions, such as cancer 5. Nature volume 611, pages 365–373 ( 2022) Cite this articleĬells respond to physical stimuli, such as stiffness 1, fluid shear stress 2 and hydraulic pressure 3, 4. amount of force necessary to move a layer of liquid in relation to another liquid" - if it is a force, I would expect dimensions of:(mass*distance)/time^2.Extracellular fluid viscosity enhances cell migration and cancer dissemination Do you have an idea which is the strongest?įebruary 9, The difference between Centipoise and centistokes: "The centistoke is the ratio of a liquid's absolute viscosity in centipoise to the density of the liquid."Ĭentipoise divided by specific gravity is equal to centistokes. I guess they mean it creates a vortex up to 10 liters. One says it can mix a solution of 700 centipoise and the other brand says it is able to mix up to 10 liters of water. I am looking for the force of a electromagnetic stirrer on a hot plate. Which unit is used to measure viscosity in a viscometer? ![]() What's the difference between oil and fluid? How can I convert from seconds into centipoise?
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